When antigenic drift occurs, the body’s immune system may not recognize and prevent sickness caused by the newer influenza viruses. Although it is often confused with other influenza-like type illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease caused by a different type of virus. Learn more about the classification of influenza viruses, influenza outbreaks, and influenza symptoms and treatment. For influenza A viruses, differences in two viral surfaces glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), permit … Swine flu viruses do not usually infect humans, but rare human infections have occurred. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses. In Virus classification influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up three of five generations of the family "Orthomyxoviridae". Uncomplicated influenza illness is the most common presentation of influenza and is characterized by the abrupt onset of signs and symptoms that include fever, muscle aches, headache, malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, vomiting, and rhinitis. Two types of influenza, A and B, cause outbreaks in people. May produce nausea and vomiting , particularly in children,"but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated Gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as Stomach flu or 24-hour flu. May include chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, headache (often severe), coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort. Until recently, such combinations were believed to have caused the infamous Spanish flu outbreak of 1918 which killed 40~100 million people worldwide. - Sequence of bases code for a particular sequence of amino acids and hence primary protein structure - This new primary structure alters the tertiary structure - New shape not … It can also be transmitted by direct contact with bird droppings or nasal secretions or through contact with contaminated surfaces. They have two kinds of spiky structures on their surface. We know that the death toll exceeds a few thousand people a year. There has been many out breaks in history. Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957, the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968, and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterial infection that can cause a number of serious illnesses, particularly in young children. a throat specimen is the preferred specimen for a rapid influenza diagnostic test. infectious disease. Learn more about the classification of influenza viruses, influenza outbreaks, and influenza … For example, an “H7N2 virus” designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein. Bacterial … The process used for identifying the different carbohydrates of streptococci is called, Rebecca Lancefield showed that almost all the strains of b-hemolytic streptococci from human infections, The scientist who developed a system of identifying the variety of strains of S. pyogenes was. Streptococci are grouped by their cell wall carbohydrates. As influenza is caused by a variety of species and strains of viruses, in any given year some strains can die out while others create epidemics, while yet another strain can cause a pandemic. It is caused by Swine influenza viruses including Influenza C and Influenza A subtypes: H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Influenza is a respiratory infection that is spread through contact with respiratory secretions from an infected person who is sneezing and/or coughing. Its common symptoms can put us out of commission for a few days, but left untreated, the complications can be life-threatening. 1. More resent time 2009 The Swine Flu (h1n1) 18,000. There are 17 … Rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics. two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time. Of infectious diseases, pneumonia is a major killer in the general population. capable of … b) a virus. Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Subtypes of type A influenza virus are identified by two Type A viruses undergo both antigenic drift and shift and are the only influenza viruses known to cause pandemics, while influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift. Hib infections used to be a serious health problem in the UK, but the routine immunisation against Hib, given to babies since 1992, means these infections are now rare.. Of the small number of cases that do occur nowadays, most affect adults with … The vaccine is fairly effective in protecting against the flu. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause the flu . The World Health Organization reviews the world epidemiological situation twice annually and if necessary recommends new vaccine strain(s) in accordance with the available evidence. Most people will recover completely in about one to two weeks, but others will develop life threatening complications (such as pneumonia). The bacterium was argued by some to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when … One kind is a glycoprotein … humidifying inhaled air & warming inhaled air, Rapid diagnostic tests for streptococcal infections may utilize, Virulence factors used by S. pyogenes may be, Protein F, M Protein, a capsule & Protein G, The disease characterized by the appearance of a toxin-mediated rash and a whitish coating on the tongue is, A bacteriophage is necessary for toxin production in. Flu can occasionally lead to pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia, even for persons who are usually very healthy. White blood cells. Influenza viruses are RNA viruses from the family Orthomyxoviridae, and have a worldwide distribution. * Direct transmission of an influenza virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible. Influenza pandemics occur very rarely; there have been four pandemics in the past 100 years. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is an acute, contagious, respiratory tract infection, which is caused by one of the influenza viruses. Both S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae use this as a virulence factor. H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic.. The Spanish 1918 - 1919 estimates range from 50 to 100 million. Illness without fever can occur, especially in the elderly and infants. Typically Influenza is transmitted thought the air, by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus. If you were looking for antibodies as evidence that a person had been exposed to a particular pathogen, where would you look? It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. Epidemiology of Meningitis Caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause the flu. The term “meningitis” describes inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. The antibody generated from the last exposure may be useless against the next iteration of the virus. Many questions about its origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of its pathogenicity remain unanswered. Which is/are true of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis? The influenza vaccine is recommended by WHO , and CDC for high risk groups, such as children, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease. There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Major epidemics are caused by A and B, and it is usually these two varieties that cause the flu. c) a small parasitic animal. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. Any novel influenza A virus, such as those of avian or swine origin, has the potential to cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza virus types A and B are further subclassified through serologic and genetic testing. Enlargement of which of the following structures may contribute to ear infections by interfering with normal drainage from eustachian tubes? 'We Haven't Learned From History': 'Radio Influenza' Is A Warning From 1918 Computerized voices read newspaper stories from the 1918 flu pandemic in this haunting audio project. The most common bacterial pathogen(s) involved with sinusitis, otitis media and conjunctivitis is/are, Otitis media and sinusitis are usually preceded by a(n), Otitis media probably develops from an infection that spread, A vaccine for the common cold is not feasible because, There are more than 100 types of rhinovirus, The eyes connect directly to the nasal passage through the, Effective preventive methods for avoiding the common cold is/are, Hand washing, Avoiding crowds, touching one's face & avoiding close contact with people with colds, The disease that closely resembles "strep throat" but is of viral origin is, Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with. However, more recent research suggests the 1918 pandemic was caused … Virology. Influenza viruses can change in two different ways, one of which is called “antigenic shift” and can result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. Influenza virus shedding (the time during which a person might be infectious to another person) begins the day before symptoms appear and virus is then release for between 5 to7 days, although some people may shed virus for longer periods . Influenza gets a foothold in the respiratory tract but can make a person feel bad all over. false. (For more information about swine influenza infections in humans, see Variant Influenza Viruses in Humans). However, the flu shot doesn’t cause the flu… Similarly, … d. In addition to effects on the lungs and pancreas, cystic fibrosis causes: a. excess bile production b. high … Children are … Major changes in the HA antigen ("antigenic shift") are caused by reassortment of genetic material from different A subtypes. There is also evidence of a fourth type: D (Ducatez, 2015). Swine flu … Influenza A … Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and commonly include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes. Influenza, commonly referred to as "the flu", is caused by 4 different types of influenza viruses - 3 of which affect humans - and compromises the health of your respiratory system (your nose, throat, and lungs). Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes on the basis of two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The influenza season in the U.S. usually … The subtypes are determined by two glycoproteins on the v… Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com. Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that is rare in the first month of life. d) we don't know what causes influenza. Which of the following is associated with the upper respiratory system? Yellow fever is caused by a flavivirus. However, a problem comes from the changing nature of the flu virus. It is now common practice to use reassorta… Which antibiotics may be completely ineffective in treating a mycoplasmal infection? 1 Take our quiz to test your knowledge about the flu and to help you prepare for the upcoming flu season. Influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes. according to the WHO, every winter ten of millions of people will get the illness. The signs and symptoms of influenza can vary by age, immune status, and presence of underlying medication conditions. Both of these characteristics allow for changing and mixing of the nucleic acid, which may be reflected in changes in the antigenic nature of the virus. Humans are the only source of the cold virus. Mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics. b. Influenza, acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract, marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of malaise. In general, seasonal influenza vaccines are trivalent, containing a mixture of influenza A and B strains thought most likely to circulate in the coming season. Which is used in the vaccination for C. diphtheriae? An outbreak can occur if a new strain of influenza virus emerges against which the population has no immunity. This can result from direct infection of humans with a non-human influenza A virus, such as a virus circulating among birds or pigs. Most cases of the flu, especially those that occur in epidemics or pandemics, are caused by the influenza A virus, which can affect a variety of animal species, but the B virus, which normally is only found in humans, is responsible for many localized outbreaks. A novel influenza (flu) virus is an influenza A virus that has caused human infection and which is different from current human seasonal influenza A viruses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a/an: a. Rhinovirus b. Mycoplasma c. Influenza virus d. Coronavirus. Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. The causative agent of the pneumonia that causes permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial and has a high mortality if untreated is, The virulence of Klebsiella is due partly to the, antiphagocytic properties of their capsules, The resistance of Klebsiella to antibiotics may be, Are hard to tell apart & are both relatively mild diseases. Antigenic shift represents an abrupt, major change in an influenza A virus. Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 resulted from such an occurrence and affected populations throughout the world. Influenza is caused by a virus that is transmitted from person to person through airborne respiratory secretions. H. influenzae serotype b (Hib), whose capsule is a repeating polymer of polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP), have accounted for the majority of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae until the recent widespread use of conjugate vaccines. Pathogen. Influenza is caused by viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae. They have a diameter of about 100 nanometers, making them a medium sized virus. These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). ie another waring sign is if the person starts to have trouble breathing. Two types of influenza, A and B, cause outbreaks in people. Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. true. Meningitis can result from many causes, both infectious and non-infectious. Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. Hib strains represent a clonal population. an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months, commonly known as "the flu" is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the "Orthomyzoviridae", In Virus classification influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up three of five generations of the family "Orthomyxoviridae". Influenza virus: pathogen and clinical presentation. Both types can cause mild to severe illness in all age groups. Many different combinations of HA and NA proteins are possible. Antigenic shift … 2. 1. While influenza A viruses infect humans and other ani-mals, influenza B viruses affects only humans. What causes influenza? They are both soil fungi & They are both dimorphic fungi. Influenza A viruses are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics, i.e., global epidemics of flu … The "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, which caused ≈50 million deaths worldwide, remains an ominous warning to public health. While influenza A viruses infect humans and other ani-mals, influenza B viruses affects only humans. Lobar pneumonia is usually caused by: a. Mycoplasma pneumonia b. Streptococcus pneumonia c. Legionella pneumophila d. Pneumocystis carinii . Influenza is caused by viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae. The incubation period is fairly short, between 1 and 5 days and infected persons can transmit influenza 1-2 days before they have symptoms to 4-5 days after the onset of symptoms. Influenza viruses are usually classified into three types: A, B and C, according to differences in antigenic and biologic properties. true or false the purpose of sensitivity testing is to identify the type of microorganism present. About 60% of the bacterial pneumonias that require hospitalization of adults are caused by, The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae is, The key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae interferes with, The pneumococcal vaccine is directed against the. Among humans, annual epidemic influenza illness is caused by two types of influenza viruses, influenza A and influenza B . Influenza, acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract, marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of malaise. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses. Influenza A H1N1 is subject to antigenic drift—constant, rapid viral evolution driven by mutations in the genes that encode the H and N antigen proteins. In the blood. In the early 1990s, this emerging virus was of concern to the United States. Influenza. Reasonably effective ways to reduce the transmission of influenza include good personal health and hygiene habits such as: not touching your eyes, nose, and mouth; frequent hand washing (with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand). The virus has several segments of RNA and is also found in animals. Giardiasis (intestinal inflammation) and athletes foot . The public health implications of the pandemic therefore remain in doubt even as we now grapple with the … Antigenic drift is the main reason why … true or false a mixed culture contains two or more types of microorganisms . The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. The influenza virus is the second most common respiratory illness in the world, next to the common cold, according to 2005 information from Florida State University, with an estimate that 25 to 50 million Americans contract the flu each year 1.Highly contagious and most prevalent during the winter, the flu may present with muscle aches and pains, sore throat, fatigue, dry … However, monovalent vaccines have been produced against candidate pandemic strains. A vaccine is available for protection from pneumococcal pneumonia. Influenza pandemics are caused by type A viruses, and therefore these are the most feared type of influenza virus; neither types B or C have caused pandemics. The first convincing record was in 1580, which began in Russia. Type B virus does not exhibit antigenic shirts and is not divided into subtypes. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C and D. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease (known as the flu season) almost every winter in the United States. For more information, see pandemic flu. Influenza is caused by: a) a type of bacteria. * In 2009, a swine-origin H1N1 virus strain commonly referred to as "swine flu" caused the ‘2009 flu pandemic’. As a result, a person becomes susceptible to flu infection again, as antigenic drift has changed the virus enough that a person’s existing antibodies won’t recognize and neutralize the newer influenza viruses. Less commonly, rashes have been associated with influenza infection. Why is it so difficult to protect against influenza? Lymphocytes are what type of cells? true. Pneumonias are inflammatory diseases of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli. In contrast to Hib, nonencapsulated or nontypeable In particular it is a warning sign if a person seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever as this relapse may be bacterial pneumonia. That out break killed over 8,000 people. Therefore, every year there is a possibility that the antigens have changed enough from the last infection to be unrecognizable. commonly known as "the flu" is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the "Orthomyzoviridae". Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are. A good start is to know what causes it. Influenza. Klebsiella easily acquire and are a source of R factors. Uncomplicated influenza can include any or all of these signs and symptoms: Antigenic drift produces new strains of H1N1. https://quizlet.com/8122552/chapter-23-microbiology-flash-cards Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.